Why is Erik Prince hiring mercenary soldiers from Colombia? They are being trained at Zayed Military City in Abu Dhabi, one of the UAE, housed behind "concrete walls laced with barbed wire," eerily reminiscent of bin Laden's "lair." Apparently the Colombians from predominantly Catholic South America are being hired in order to avoid the employment of Muslims, who reputedly refuse to kill other Muslims. Colombians proved during drug cartel wars they had no aversion to killing anyone.
ABU DHABI, United Arab Emirates — Late one night last November, a plane carrying dozens of Colombian men touched down in this glittering seaside capital. Whisked through customs by an Emirati intelligence officer, the group boarded an unmarked bus and drove roughly 20 miles to a windswept military complex in the desert sand.
The Colombians had entered the United Arab Emirates posing as construction workers. In fact, they were soldiers for a secret American-led mercenary army being built by Erik Prince
, the billionaire founder of
Blackwater Worldwide, with $529 million from the oil-soaked sheikdom.
Mr. Prince, who resettled here last year after his security business faced mounting legal problems in the United States, was
hired by the crown prince of Abu Dhabi to put together an 800-member battalion of foreign troops for the U.A.E., according to former employees on the project, American officials and corporate documents obtained by
The New York Times.
The force is intended to conduct special operations missions inside and outside the country,
defend oil pipelines and skyscrapers from terrorist attacks and put down internal revolts, the documents show. Such troops could be deployed if the Emirates faced unrest or were challenged by pro-democracy demonstrations in its crowded labor camps or democracy protests like those sweeping the Arab world this year.
The U.A.E.’s rulers, viewing their own military as inadequate, also hope that the troops could blunt the regional aggression of Iran, the country’s biggest foe, the former employees said. The training camp, located on a sprawling Emirati base called
Zayed Military City, is hidden behind concrete walls laced with barbed wire. Photographs show rows of identical yellow temporary buildings, used for barracks and mess halls, and a motor pool, which houses Humvees and fuel trucks. The Colombians, along with South African and other foreign troops, are
trained by retired American soldiers and veterans of the German and British special operations units and the French Foreign Legion, according to the former employees and American officials.
In outsourcing critical parts of their defense to mercenaries — the soldiers of choice for medieval kings, Italian Renaissance dukes and African dictators — the Emiratis have begun a new era in the boom in wartime contracting that began after the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks. And by relying on a force largely created by Americans, they have introduced a volatile element in an already combustible region where the United States is widely viewed with suspicion.
The United Arab Emirates — an autocracy with the sheen of a progressive, modern state — are closely allied with the United States, and American officials indicated that the battalion program had some support in Washington.
“The gulf countries, and the U.A.E. in particular, don’t have a lot of military experience. It would make sense if they looked outside their borders for help,” said one
Obama administration official who knew of the operation. “They might want to show that they are not to be messed with.”
Still, it is not clear whether the project has the United States’ official blessing. Legal experts and government officials said some of those involved with the battalion might be breaking
federal laws that prohibit American citizens from training foreign troops if they did not secure a license from the State Department.
Mark C. Toner, a spokesman for the department, would not confirm whether Mr. Prince’s company had obtained such a license, but he said the department was investigating to see if the training effort was in violation of American laws. Mr. Toner pointed out that Blackwater (which renamed itself
Xe Services ) paid $42 million in fines last year for training foreign troops in Jordan and other countries over the years.
The U.A.E.’s ambassador to Washington,
Yousef al-Otaiba, declined to comment for this article. A spokesman for Mr. Prince also did not comment.
For Mr. Prince, the foreign battalion is a bold attempt at reinvention. He is hoping to build an empire in the desert, far from the trial lawyers, Congressional investigators and Justice Department officials he is convinced worked in league to portray Blackwater as reckless. He sold the company last year, but in April, a federal appeals court reopened the case against four Blackwater guards accused of killing 17 Iraqi civilians in Baghdad in 2007.
To help fulfill his ambitions, Mr. Prince’s new company,
Reflex Responses, obtained another multimillion-dollar
contract to protect a string of planned nuclear power plants and to provide
cybersecurity. He hopes to earn billions more, the former employees said, by assembling additional battalions of Latin American troops for the Emiratis and opening a giant complex where his company can train troops for other governments.
Knowing that his ventures are magnets for controversy, Mr. Prince has masked his involvement with the mercenary battalion. His name is not included on contracts and most other corporate documents, and company insiders have at times tried to hide his identity by referring to him by the
code name “Kingfish.” But three former employees, speaking on the condition of anonymity because of confidentiality agreements, and two people involved in security contracting described Mr. Prince’s central role. The former employees said that in recruiting the Colombians and others from halfway around the world, Mr. Prince’s subordinates were following his
strict rule: hire no Muslims. Muslim soldiers, Mr. Prince warned, could not be counted on to kill fellow Muslims.
A Lucrative Deal Last spring, as waiters in the lobby of the Park Arjaan by Rotana Hotel passed by carrying cups of Turkish coffee, a small team of Blackwater and American military veterans huddled over plans for the foreign battalion. Armed with a black suitcase stuffed with several hundred thousand dollars’ worth of dirhams, the local currency, they began paying the first bills.
The company, often called R2, was licensed last March with 51 percent local ownership, a typical arrangement in the Emirates. It received about $21 million in start-up capital from the U.A.E., the former employees said.
Mr. Prince made the deal with
Sheik Mohamed bin Zayed al-Nahyan, the
crown prince of Abu Dhabi
and the de facto ruler of the United Arab Emirates. The two men had known each other for several years, and it was the prince’s idea to build a foreign commando force for his country.
Savvy and pro-Western, the prince was educated at the Sandhurst military academy in Britain and formed close ties with American military officials. He is also one of the region’s staunchest hawks on Iran and is skeptical that his giant neighbor across the Strait of Hormuz will give up its nuclear program.
“He sees the logic of war dominating the region, and this thinking explains his near-obsessive efforts to build up his armed forces,” said a November 2009 cable from the American Embassy in Abu Dhabi that was obtained by the anti-secrecy group WikiLeaks.
For
Mr. Prince, a 41-year-old former member of the Navy Seals
, the battalion was an opportunity to turn vision into reality. At Blackwater, which had collected billions of dollars in security contracts from the United States government, he had hoped to build an army for hire that could be deployed to crisis zones in Africa, Asia and the Middle East. He even had proposed that the Central Intelligence Agency use his company for special operations missions around the globe, but to no avail. In Abu Dhabi, which he praised in an Emirati newspaper interview last year for its “pro-business” climate, he got another chance.
Mr. Prince’s exploits, both real and rumored, are the subject of fevered discussions in the private security world. He has worked with the Emirati government on various ventures in the past year, including an operation using
South African mercenaries to train Somalis to fight pirates. There was talk, too, that he was hatching a scheme last year to cap the Icelandic volcano then spewing ash across Northern Europe.
The team in the hotel lobby was led by
Ricky Chambers, known as C. T., a former agent with the
Federal Bureau of Investigation who had worked for Mr. Prince for years; most recently, he had run a program training Afghan troops for a Blackwater subsidiary called
Paravant.
He was among the half-dozen or so Americans who would serve as top managers of the project, receiving nearly $300,000 in annual compensation. Mr. Chambers and Mr. Prince soon began quietly luring American contractors from Afghanistan, Iraq and other danger spots with pay packages that topped out at more than $200,000 a year, according to a budget document. Many of those who signed on as trainers — which eventually included more than 40 veteran American, European and South African commandos — did not know of Mr. Prince’s involvement, the former employees said. Mr. Chambers did not respond to requests for comment.
He and Mr. Prince also began looking for soldiers. They lined up
Thor Global Enterprises, a company on the Caribbean island of Tortola
[British Virgin Islands] specializing in “placing foreign servicemen in private security positions overseas,” according to a contract signed last May. The recruits would be paid about $150 a day.
Within months, large tracts of desert were bulldozed and barracks constructed. The Emirates were to provide weapons and equipment for the mercenary force, supplying everything from M-16 rifles to mortars, Leatherman knives to Land Rovers. They agreed to buy parachutes, motorcycles, rucksacks — and 24,000 pairs of socks.
To keep a low profile, Mr. Prince rarely visited the camp or a cluster of luxury villas near the Abu Dhabi airport,
where R2 executives and Emirati military officers fine-tune the training schedules and arrange weapons deliveries for the battalion, former employees said. He would show up, they said, in an office suite at the
DAS Tower — a skyscraper just steps from Abu Dhabi’s Corniche beach, where sunbathers lounge as cigarette boats and water scooters whiz by.
Staff members there manage a number of companies that the former employees say are carrying out secret work for the Emirati government. [
Das: "this strategically positioned island has been developed as a storage centre and an export
operation base for the crude oil and gas which is extracted from Abu Dhabi’s offshore fields. Das is also home to an abundance of UAE history; Abu Dhabi’s very first oil shipment, back in
July 1962, was exported from Das, and the island was additionally the site of the first
ADGAS LNG plant in the Middle East." ]
Emirati law prohibits disclosure of incorporation records for businesses, which typically list company officers, but it does require them to post company names on offices and storefronts. Over the past year, the sign outside the suite has changed at least twice — it now says Assurance Management Consulting.
While the documents — including contracts, budget sheets and blueprints — obtained by
The Times do not mention Mr. Prince, the former employees said he negotiated the U.A.E. deal. Corporate documents describe the battalion’s possible tasks: intelligence gathering, urban combat, the securing of nuclear and radioactive materials, humanitarian missions and special operations “to destroy enemy personnel and equipment.”
One document describes “crowd-control operations” where the crowd “is not armed with firearms but does pose a risk using improvised weapons (clubs and stones).” People involved in the project and American officials said that the Emiratis were interested in deploying the battalion to respond to terrorist attacks and put down uprisings inside the country’s sprawling labor camps, which house the Pakistanis, Filipinos and other foreigners who make up the bulk of the country’s work force. The foreign military force was planned months before the so-called Arab Spring revolts
that many experts believe are unlikely to spread to the U.A.E. Iran was a particular concern.
An Eye on Iran Although there was no expectation that the mercenary troops would be used for a stealth attack on Iran, Emirati officials talked of using them for a possible maritime and air assault to reclaim a chain of islands, mostly uninhabited, in the Persian Gulf that are the subject of a dispute between Iran and the U.A.E., the former employees said. Iran has sent military forces to at least one of the islands, Abu Musa, and Emirati officials have long been eager to retake the islands and tap their potential oil reserves.
The Emirates have a small military that includes army, air force and naval units as well as a small special operations contingent, which served in Afghanistan, but over all, their forces are considered inexperienced.
In recent years, the Emirati government has showered American defense companies with billions of dollars to help strengthen the country’s security. A company run by Richard A. Clarke
, a former counterterrorism adviser during the Clinton and Bush administrations, has won several lucrative contracts to advise the U.A.E. on how to protect its infrastructure.
Some security consultants believe that Mr. Prince’s efforts to bolster the Emirates’ defenses against an Iranian threat might yield some benefits for the American government, which shares the U.A.E.’s concern about creeping Iranian influence in the region.
“As much as Erik Prince is a pariah in the United States, he may be just what the doctor ordered in the U.A.E.,” said an American security consultant with knowledge of R2’s work.
The contract includes a one-paragraph legal and ethics policy noting that R2 should institute accountability and disciplinary procedures. “The overall goal,” the contract states, “is to ensure that the team members supporting this effort continuously cast the program in a professional and moral light that will hold up to a level of media scrutiny.”
But former employees said that R2’s leaders never directly grappled with some fundamental questions about the operation. International laws governing private armies and mercenaries are murky, but would the Americans overseeing the training of a foreign army on foreign soil be breaking United States law?
Susan Kovarovics, an international trade lawyer who advises companies about export controls, said that because Reflex Responses was an Emirati company it might not need State Department authorization for its activities. But she said that any Americans working on the project might run legal risks if they did not get government approval to participate in training the foreign troops.
Basic operational issues, too, were not addressed, the former employees said. What were the battalion’s rules of engagement? What if civilians were killed during an operation? And could a Latin American commando force
deployed in the Middle East really be kept a secret?
Imported Soldiers The first waves of mercenaries began arriving last summer. Among them was a 13-year veteran of Colombia’s National Police force named Calixto Rincón, 42, who joined the operation with hopes of providing for his family and seeing a new part of the world.
“We were practically an army for the Emirates,” Mr. Rincón, now back in Bogotá, Colombia, said in an interview. “They wanted people who had a lot of experience in countries with conflicts, like Colombia.” Mr. Rincón’s visa carried a special stamp from the U.A.E. military intelligence branch, which is overseeing the entire project, that allowed him to move through customs and immigration without being questioned.
He soon found himself in the midst of the camp’s daily routines, which mirrored those of American military training. “We would get up at 5 a.m. and we would start physical exercises,” Mr. Rincón said. His assignment included manual labor at the expanding complex, he said. Other former employees said the troops — outfitted in Emirati military uniforms — were split into companies to work on basic infantry maneuvers, learn navigation skills and practice sniper training.
R2 spends roughly $9 million per month maintaining the battalion, which includes expenditures for employee salaries, ammunition and wages for dozens of domestic workers who cook meals, wash clothes and clean the camp, a former employee said. Mr. Rincón said that he and his companions never wanted for anything, and that their American leaders even arranged to have a chef travel from Colombia to make traditional soups.
But the secrecy of the project has sometimes created a prisonlike environment. “We didn’t have permission to even look through the door,” Mr. Rincón said. “We were only allowed outside for our morning jog, and all we could see was sand everywhere.”
The Emirates wanted the troops to be ready to deploy just weeks after stepping off the plane, but it quickly became clear that the Colombians’ military skills fell far below expectations. “Some of these kids couldn’t hit the broad side of a barn,” said a former employee. Other recruits admitted to never having fired a weapon.
Rethinking Roles As a result, the veteran American and foreign commandos training the battalion have had to rethink their roles. They had planned to act only as “advisers” during missions — meaning they would not fire weapons — but over time, they realized that they would have to fight side by side with their troops, former officials said.
Making matters worse, the recruitment pipeline began drying up. Former employees said that Thor struggled to sign up, and keep, enough men on the ground. Mr. Rincón developed a hernia and was forced to return to Colombia, while others were dismissed from the program for drug use or poor conduct.
And R2’s own corporate leadership has also been in flux. Mr. Chambers, who helped develop the project, left after several months. A handful of other top executives, some of them former Blackwater employees, have been hired, then fired within weeks.
To bolster the force, R2 recruited a platoon of South African mercenaries, including some veterans of Executive Outcomes
, a South African company notorious for staging coup attempts or suppressing rebellions against African strongmen in the 1990s. The platoon was to function as a quick-reaction force, American officials and former employees said, and began training for a practice mission: a terrorist attack on the Burj Khalifa
skyscraper in Dubai, the world’s tallest building. They would secure the situation before quietly handing over control to Emirati troops.
But by last November, the battalion was officially behind schedule. The original goal was for the 800-man force to be ready by March 31; recently, former employees said, the battalion’s size was reduced to about 580 men.
Emirati military officials had promised that if this first battalion was a success, they would pay for an entire brigade of several thousand men. The new contracts would be worth billions, and would help with Mr. Prince’s next big project: a desert training complex for foreign troops patterned after Blackwater’s compound in Moyock, N.C. But before moving ahead, U.A.E. military officials have insisted that the battalion prove itself in a “real world mission.” That has yet to happen. So far, the Latin American troops have been taken off the base only to shop and for occasional entertainment.
On a recent spring night though, after months stationed in the desert, they boarded an unmarked bus and were driven to hotels in central Dubai, a former employee said. There, some R2 executives had arranged for them to spend the evening with prostitutes.
Mark Mazzetti reported from Abu Dhabi and Washington, and Emily B. Hager from New York. Jenny Carolina González and Simon Romero contributed reporting from Bogotá, Colombia. Kitty Bennett contributed research from Washington. This article, "Secret Desert Force Set Up by Blackwater’s Founder," first appeared in The New York Times. Copyright
© 2011 The New York Times
###############
The Bradford, Pa. Era; May 11, 1974
United Refining signs contract for Mideast oil
WARREN, Pa. - Abu Dhabi National Oil Co. and United Refining Co. have signed a contract under the terms of which United will purchase approximately 10,000 barrels per day of Abu Dhabi's Murban crude oil. This action is in line with the company's previously-announced intentions of purchasing Eastern Hemisphere crude to supplement its supplies of North American crude oil, and is the culmination of a series of visits to African and Middle Eastern oil producing countries by
Harry A. Logan Jr., president of United Refining Co., and Evan Evans, vice president. The contract was signed by
Sheikh Tahnoun bin Mohammend al Nahayan, chairman of the board of directors of Abu Dhabi National Oil Co. and Mr. Evans.
Abu Dhabi is a member of the United Arab Emirates
and is located on. the Arabian peninsula at the southern end of, the Arabian Gulf. It is ruled by Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan al Nahayan. Abu Dhabi is currently producing about 1,363,000 barrels per day of Crude, and has indicated production should increase to at least 2,000,000 barrels per day by 1976. It is expected the crude purchased by United will be transported by tanker to the U.S. Gulf Coast and thence via common carrier pipeline to Warren. Beginning about Jan. 1,1975, the crude will be moved through the
Texoma Pipeline which is presently under construction. United has a 7 per cent interest in Texoma which is being built [as a joint effort of Texoma Pipeline Company and Mobil Oil Corporation] from Beaumont, Texas to Cushing, Oklahoma where it will connect with the existing common carrier network presently used by the company to transport Rocky Mountain and Mid-Continent crude oil to Warren.
~~~~~~~~~~~
Khadafy Says Freeze Possible on U.S. Assets
By JENNIFER PARMELEE
Associated Press Writer
January 10, 1986
TRIPOLI, Libya
(AP)— Col. Moammar Khadafy said Libya may counter American economic sanctions by freezing all U.S. assets, news conference, Libya 's radical leader accused the United States of endangering security in t he Mediterranean and said more American "threats" could push the North American country closer to embracing communism.
At a late Thursday news conference Libya's radical leader accused the United States of endangering
security in the Mediterranean and of acting like a "
stinking, rotten crusader" toward Arabs. "This hostile position can only be explained in racist and crusade terms," Khadafy added, referring to the llth - 13th century armed
expeditions by European Christians to seize the Holy Land from Moslems.
On Tuesday, Reagan ordered U.S. companies and an estimated 1,000 to 1,500 American citizens out of Libya, and froze Libyan assets in the United States and in branch banks overseas. The actions were in retaliation for Libya's alleged sponsorship of terrorism.
U.S. and Israeli officials accuse Libya of backing the
Abu Nidal 
Palestinian faction they blame for the Dec. 27 massacres at the Rome and Vienna airports. Nineteen people were killed, including four terrorists and five
Americans.
In reaction to the American sanctions, Libyan legal specialists are studying responses that include the possibility of freezing U.S. assets, Khadafy told reporters invited to an office in his heavily guarded barracks. American sanctions "will not affect us since they were taken into consideration years ago," Khadafy said.
"Reagan is stupid enough to believe that (sanctions) were something that were unexpected."
(U.S. sources have predicted Khadafy might seize the assets of American oil companies in Libya, estimated at about $400 million.) Khadafy spoke at the news conference in Arabic, and his remarks were translated into English. Later, he was asked in an interview with a group of Western journalists how the conflict with the United States would affect Libya's relations with Moscow.
We are reminded of a call-girl ring tied to attorney Philip Bailley in 1972, which was under investigation at the same time the Democratic National Committee's Watergate office was being broken into. Not until 1984 Jim Hougan's book, Secret Agenda, came out was a connection exposed between that ring and Maureen Kane Biner Dean, White House Counsel John Dean's wife.
. Paul Bremer, with the help of his Heritage Foundation boys in the Green Zone, basically oversaw the looting of everything that wasn’t nailed down.
(NSFL) for most of that time. The CIA sponsored a training operation for the Libyan National Army at a base in 
during the reign of Bush I, with a view to a possible future overthrow of Qaddafi. In 1996, Hifter headed a failed overthrow attempt, after which he returned to the United States.
, published by Le Monde diplomatique, traces the CIA connection even further back, to 1987, reporting that Hifter, then a colonel in Gaddafi’s army, was captured fighting in Chad in a Libyan-backed rebellion against the US-backed government of Hissène Habré. He defected to the Libyan National Salvation Front (LNSF), the principal anti-Gaddafi group, which had the backing of the American CIA. He organized his own militia, which operated in Chad until Habré was overthrown by a French-supported rival, 
, in 1990.
, vanished into thin air with the help of the CIA shortly after the government was overthrown by Idriss Déby.” The book also cites a Congressional Research Service report of December 19, 1996 that the US government was providing financial and military aid to the LNSF and that a number of LNSF members were relocated to the United States.
and use Libya as a base of operations against the popular revolts sweeping the Middle East and North Africa.
for the Liberation of Libya. 
The Saudis have provided $7 million to the nfsl. Cia agents advised nfsl leaders and trained their recruits in western europe, sudan and morocco. Jack anderson washington post 6/12/85 
, 91 Former chad chief of staff, and his patriotic salvation movement (Mps) preferred by france and libya. And u.s. Forced to remove its 700-man Libyan national liberation army (nla). Saudi arabia had set up bank account In libreville, gabon under control of dr. Yusuf al-margariaf. Since 81 Had been secretary-general of national front for salvation of libya (nfsl). 
79 Libya. A reporter from arab newspaper al-hayat allowed to visit national Front for salvation of libya - an arab opposition group in u.s. Territory. Leader of national liberation army is Col. Khalifa Hafter who said front has 400 fighters in u.s. 
165 Libya, 81-83 On june 18, 81 president signed intel finding directing cia to provide non-lethal support to anti-Quaddfi exiles. 
f bab aziziyya - usually used as a residence by Qadhafi. Most guerrillas libyan students living in u.s. and europe.
